Over the past few years, Saudi architects have garnered attention for their bold exploration of engineering and design frontiers, resulting in awe-inspiring structures that draw visitors from around the globe.
With the Vision 2030 goal only six years away, the construction boom in Saudi Arabia is leaving international observers spellbound. While oil, the invaluable resource forged through millennia of geological processes, remains synonymous with the nation’s wealth and prosperity, the contemporary landscape reflects a fusion of luxury and technological advancements.
However, the historical evolution of the region tells a different story, especially with a pronounced focus on Salmani architecture. Past construction endeavours in Saudi Arabia were shaped by diverse ideologies and catered to the evolving needs of its Arab populace.
Today, Saudi art and architecture offer a glimpse into the nation’s contemporary built environment and cultural landscape, showcasing avant-garde projects characterised by unconventional forms and materials.
Here are 10 projects in Saudi Arabia worth learning about:
Maraya, AlUla
Architect: Giò Forma Studio Associato S.r.l
Area: 5,000m2
The Nabataeans named Mada’in Salih, situated 22 km from AlUla, as al-Hijr or Hegra, where they meticulously carved magnificent tombs into the golden Quweira sandstone outcrops.
Mada’in Salih earned the distinction of being Saudi Arabia’s inaugural World Heritage Site following its UNESCO designation. In under four months, the MMG | KAS agency, commissioned by the dynamic Royal Commission, established a new cultural event venue and “Destination” in Al-Ula.
From the Nabataeans to the present day, this landscape has served as a muse for architecture and land art. The Arabic term “Maraya,” meaning “Reflection” or “Mirror,” embodies an architectural marvel—a vision shaped by the rich natural and social history of the locale.
As a site-specific “Object-Architecture,” the colossal mirror cube named “Maraya” prompts reflection on the awe-inspiring geological wonders, the stark abstraction of the environment, and humanity’s unique interventions within the terrain.
Rather than overshadowing nature, this project seeks to accentuate the beauty of its surroundings, turning the environment itself into an exhibition space of unparalleled allure.
Islamic Arts Biennale, Jeddah
Architect: OMA
Area: 12,000m2
The Western Hajj Terminal, envisioned by SOM, serves as the venue for the inaugural Islamic Arts Biennale, showcasing a blend of contemporary and ancient artefacts across its vast expanse of 120,000 square meters.
The exhibition space is ingeniously divided into two complementary sections, each defined by the scenography crafted by OMA:
One section guides visitors through a carefully choreographed journey across a series of newly constructed galleries, offering a gradual progression of orientation from one room to the next. Drawing inspiration from the concept of the Qiblah— the direction faced by Muslims during prayer—the exhibits unfold gradually, transitioning from dimly lit chambers displaying 17th-century astrolabes used for calculating the Qiblah, to brightly illuminated spaces housing installations such as the First Saudi Door of the Ka’bah in Makkah, erected during King Abdul Aziz’s reign.
The other section creates a desert-like ambiance beneath the terminal’s roof, symbolizing the Hijrah, Prophet Muhammad’s journey from Makkah to Madinah. Artworks are showcased on slopes and sloping walls of various heights, designed in harmony with the terminal’s existing geometry, encouraging visitors to explore the environment. Anchoring this expansive setting are two standalone pavilions showcasing antiquities from Madinah and Makkah. These pavilions feature displays set within luminous, translucent screens, creating a captivating contrast against the rugged exterior surroundings.
Additionally, a separate gallery named AlMadar, or The Orbit, pays homage to the 40th anniversary of the Hajj Terminal, hosting artworks from twelve local and international institutions, including Kuwait’s Al Sabah Collection of Islamic art. This gallery operates independently of the Biennale’s theme.
Al Gharra Mosque, Madina
Architect: Mohammed Ibrahim Shafee Architectural Office
Area: 1,500m2
Al Gharra Mosque defied the conventional emulation of prevailing Saudi Arabian construction styles. Instead, it embarked on a daring journey to distil the essence of a mosque as the abode of Allah, echoing the simplicity of the days of the Prophet Mohammed, particularly in its decorated geometrical prayer hall.
Positioned to face Makkah, the envisioned structure stands atop a raised rocky terrain, harmonizing with its surroundings at varying elevations, with a maximum distance of 7 meters from its nearest neighbours. Access to the prayer hall or the ablution area is facilitated by curved linear stepped paths leading to the mosque’s front yard (Sahan). This intentional arrangement not only contrasts with the environment but also symbolically reflects the distinct religious states of Al Zahir, Taharah, and Al-Batin.
The elegant design of Al Gharra Mosque gracefully interplays with light, weaving a narrative of solace for worshippers amidst prayer. Its persona is embodied in asymmetrical worship spaces, where the concrete under the sun contrasts with moon-like black stones and hints of off-white bricks.
Princess Nora Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh
Architect: Perkins+Will
Area: 3,000,000m2
Thanks to the collaborative efforts of internationally acclaimed architecture and design firm Perkins+Will and Dar Al-Handasah (Shair and Partners) (Dar), up to 60,000 female undergraduate students now have access to state-of-the-art educational facilities across various academic disciplines at Princess Nora Bint Abdulrahman University (PNU).
Known as the world’s largest university exclusively for women, PNU boasts a sprawling campus spanning 32 million square feet. Unlike conventional campuses, which evolved over decades, every building at PNU was erected simultaneously.
The majority of the campus, meticulously designed by Perkins+Will and Dar, caters exclusively to women, with exceptions such as the Medical facility and select sections of the research facility being coeducational. Drawing inspiration from regional architecture and cultural heritage, the use of mashrabiy’yah, or latticework barriers, strategically balances outdoor privacy for students while enhancing visibility within the school premises.
Approximately 150 employees from five Perkins+Will offices collaborated on this highly cooperative project, incorporating a diverse range of expertise, including navigation, branded environments, architecture, and interior design. Perkins+Will was responsible for designing PNU’s K–12 schools, Academic Campus, Academic Medical Campus, Sports and Recreational facilities, and Health Sciences and Research Campus.
Serving as the architect and engineer of record, Dar Al-Handasah contributed an additional 150 personnel to the project, spearheading the development of the master plan, residential and administrative buildings, campus-wide monorail system, and overall infrastructure.
Situated in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, most of the PNU campus buildings are registered under the USGBC’s LEED® rating system, with certification goals ranging from LEED Gold to LEED Certified. These projects have effectively doubled Saudi Arabia’s total number of LEED-registered projects, showcasing a commitment to sustainability and innovation.
Takhassussi Patchi Shop, Riyadh
Architect: Lautrefabrique Architectes
Area: 707m2
Over the past years, Lautrefabrique has been instrumental in crafting boutiques for Patchi, a leading name in the luxury chocolate gifting sector in the Middle East. In 2000, Patchi acquired a neoclassical residence located on Takhassussi Avenue, a bustling ten-lane freeway, within a residential area of Riyadh. Recognizing the need to rejuvenate this distinctive boutique and enhance the brand’s presence in the region for the twenty-first century, the group embarked on a revamp project in 2008.
Lautrefabrique’s expertise breathed new life into this seemingly ordinary space, offering a range of architectural solutions to address specific challenges. In this instance, the agency’s involvement extended to overseeing the bidding process, demonstrating its holistic approach to the project.
The primary focus was on transforming the exterior of the premises, departing from the neo-classical villa aesthetic to create a visually striking facade. A significant screen, featuring an eye-catching focal point, was envisioned to capture the attention of the numerous commuters passing by on the busy thoroughfare each day.
Careful consideration and creative ingenuity guided the selection of white aluminum composite panels adorned with a meticulously crafted monogram pattern. Given the frequent sandstorms prevalent in the city, the design incorporated a dual entryway, framed by two modest horizontal display windows, resembling screens.
King Abdulaziz Centre for World Culture (Ithra), Dhahran
Architect: Buro Happold
Area: 350,000m2
The King Abdulaziz Center for World Culture, known as Ithra, meaning “enrichment” in Arabic, stands as a flagship initiative by the Saudi Aramco Oil Company, aimed at fostering cultural development, knowledge dissemination, and diversity within the kingdom.
Since its inauguration in 2018, the centre has become a beacon of opportunity, offering unparalleled access to a wide array of educational and cultural resources for both locals and visitors alike.
At the heart of the centre lies an auditorium, serving as a dynamic venue for a myriad of events ranging from opera and symphony concerts to musicals and lectures. Complementing this is a cinema, a library boasting an extensive collection of over 315,000 books catering to all age groups, and a spacious exhibition hall adorned with integrated artworks by local and international artists.
Additionally, the centre houses a museum and an archive, bridging the vibrant cultural presence of the centre with the rich heritage and societal roots from which it draws inspiration.
Nestled within the arid desert landscape, the center’s high-tech pebble-like structure emerges as a striking testament to architectural innovation. Its main tower, soaring 110 metres into the sky, is surrounded by additional pebble-shaped structures.
Among these, the Library, the Auditorium, and the Great Hall appear grounded, while the fourth pebble, known as the Keystone, is suspended and strategically positioned, leaning against the tower on one side and the Library on the other. Each pebble is not only distinct in its physical form but also serves a unique purpose programmatically, contributing to the multifaceted offerings of the center.
Al-Turaif District, Diriyah
Design (Planning): AtkinsRéalis
Area: 10,000m2
The Al-Turaif District proudly holds the prestigious title of a UNESCO World Heritage site, serving as a custodian of traditional Najdi urban architecture. This historical enclave offers a captivating journey through the kingdom’s cultural heritage, inviting visitors to explore its narrow alleyways and intricately designed structures that serve as poignant reminders of Saudi Arabia’s rich past.
Meticulously preserved and restored, the Al-Turaif District stands as a living testament to the kingdom’s unwavering dedication to safeguarding its cultural legacy.
Stepping into this enchanting locale is akin to stepping back in time, where the architectural splendour of yesteryears seamlessly merges with the present, creating an immersive experience that reveres the vibrant tapestry of Saudi Arabia’s cultural identity.
Mada-in Saleh Museum, AlUla
Architect: Jean Nouvel
Area: 12,000,000m2
The Mada’in Saleh Museum stands as a tribute to the enduring legacy of the Nabataean civilization, showcasing its rich history and cultural contributions. Renowned architect Jean Nouvel’s innovative design imbues the museum with a contemporary flair, seamlessly blending modern aesthetics with historical significance.
Beyond serving as a mere repository of artifacts, the museum serves as a portal to the past, unfolding the captivating narrative of the Nabataeans and inviting visitors on an immersive journey through time.
Employing cutting-edge technology, the Mada’in Saleh Museum preserves the tangible remnants of a bygone era while enhancing the visitor experience. Thoughtfully curated exhibits offer a vivid portrayal of Nabataean life, highlighting their profound impact on art, trade, and architecture.
King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Centre, Riyadh
Architect: Zaha Hadid Architects
Area: 70,000m2
The King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Centre (KAPSARC) stands as the centre of innovation in Saudi Arabia’s construction landscape. As a non-profit organisation, KAPSARC conducts independent research aimed at developing policies that promote the efficient utilisation of energy for the betterment of global social well-being.
Comprising five distinct buildings spread across a sprawling 70,000m2 campus, KAPSARC houses essential facilities such as the Energy Knowledge Center, Energy Computer Center, Conference Center with a 300-seat auditorium and exhibition hall, Research Library boasting 100,000 volumes of archives, and Musalla, a serene prayer space within the campus.
Embodying sound technological and environmental principles, KAPSARC’s design seamlessly integrates these components into a cohesive whole. Notably, the center, ZHA’s first project to achieve LEED Platinum certification from the US Green Building Council, was meticulously crafted with the environmental conditions of Riyadh Plateau in mind, prioritizing energy efficiency and resource conservation.
Recognized as the “Smartest” construction project in Saudi Arabia by the Honeywell Smart Building Awards, KAPSARC excels across multiple dimensions, including productivity, safety, and environmental sustainability. This accolade underscores KAPSARC’s unwavering commitment to pioneering excellence in construction and advancing sustainable practices in the kingdom and beyond.
Assila HQ, Riyadh
Architect: Peter Ruge Architekten
Area: 12,230m2
Designed with the plot’s rectangular shape in mind, the building’s two full floors, mezzanine, and basement maximize functionality while ensuring environmental suitability by integrating local climate patterns and conventional architectural elements. An inner courtyard facilitates natural lighting and ventilation, with activities thoughtfully organized around it for easy navigation within the structure.
Notable architectural features include an angled division of the building volume, with sections strategically positioned to create a shaded entrance space for the Dewaniya on the ground floor. The Dewaniya, comprising a spacious dining area, majlis, and reception, shares space with the offices, which have their own entrance lobby. Conference rooms, offices, and a canteen occupy the upper floors.
Outdoor spaces are meticulously designed, featuring clusters of palm trees, green lawns, stone slabs adorned with rock gardens, and desert flora. The inner courtyard, paved with stone slabs capable of flooding, complements the building’s surroundings while fostering a productive and comfortable workspace.
King Fahad National Library, Riyadh
Architect: Gerber Architekten
Area: 21,000m2
The completion of the King Fahad National Library in November 2013 marked a significant milestone in Saudi Arabia’s cultural landscape. Led by Professor Eckhard Gerber and his team at Gerber Architekten, this project stands as a cornerstone of urban development and cultural enrichment in Riyadh. Balancing the challenge of integrating within existing urban fabric while honoring Arabian cultural values, the design represents a harmonious fusion of tradition and innovation.
The new building’s symbolic cuboid shape envelops the existing structure, symbolising the National Library’s emergence as a centre of knowledge in Riyadh’s cityscape.
Retaining the old building as an internal stack underscores its central role within the new library. Adorned with a delicate textile facade inspired by traditional Middle Eastern architectural motifs, the new structure seamlessly blends heritage with cutting-edge technology.
Originally conceived through an international competition in 2003, the design of the National Library reflects meticulous planning and thoughtful consideration of its cultural and architectural context.
As Gerber Architekten continues to leave their mark on Saudi Arabia’s urban landscape, with plans underway for the Olaya Metro Station, its commitment to architectural design excellence remains clear.
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